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receive besides

  • 1 ἐπιδευτερδέκομαι

    ἐπιδευτερ-δέκομαι Hdt. (v. infr.), Leg.Gort.11.25:—
    A admit besides or in addition, Hdt.8.75.
    2. receive besides, Men. 583.
    3. receive, welcome,

    τινὰς φιλανθρώπως Plb.21.18.3

    ; ἐ. εἰς τὰ

    οἰκητήρια POxy.281.9

     (i A.D.).
    II. take on oneself, undertake,

    πόλεμον Plb.4.31.1

    ;

    τὴν στεφανηφορίαν Inscr.Prien.108.255

     (ii B.C.), cf. POxy.498.6 (ii A.D.), etc.: c. inf., ib.102.7 (iv A.D.): abs., agree, admit liability, PAmh.2.31.12 (ii B.C.).
    4. accept a term as applying to,

    ἐπί τινος Ascl. Tact.11.2

     (v.l. ἐκδ-).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπιδευτερδέκομαι

  • 2 προσαναλαμβάνω

    A take in or receive besides,

    ἐπὶ τὸ κατάστρωμα χιλίας βύρσας D.34.10

    ;

    παρὰ τῶν συμμάχων σῖτον Plb.1.52.8

    , cf. PPetr.3p.227 (iii B.C.); π. ἐσθῆτας περιπορφύρους assume also, Plb.6.53.7:—[voice] Pass., πλειόνων προσαναλαμβανομένων, of a batch of new senators, Plu.Rom.13.
    2 use besides, Thphr.HP5.7.7.
    2 intr., recover, Plb.3.60.8.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσαναλαμβάνω

  • 3 προσλαμβάνω

    προσλαμβάνω, [tense] fut.
    A

    - λήψομαι X.An.7.3.13

    : [tense] aor.

    προσέλᾰβον Id.Mem.3.14.4

    : [tense] pf.

    - είληφα Id.An.7.6.32

    , [dialect] Ion.

    - λελάβηκα Eus.Mynd. 51

    :— take or receive besides or in addition, get over and above, ἄρτον προσέλαβε (sc. τῷ ὄψῳ) X.Mem. l.c.; πρὸς τοῖς παροῦσιν ἄλλα [κακά] A.Pr. 323;

    τὸ ἀναίσχυντον τῇ συμφορᾷ E.IA 1145

    ;

    π. αἰσχύνην Th.5.111

    ;

    ἐμπειρίαν Id.6.18

    ;

    ὧν μάλιστα δεόμεθα And.3.23

    ;

    δόξαν γελοίαν ἡμῖν X.Smp.4.8

    ;

    ἄλλην εὔκλειαν πρὸς ἐκείνοις Id.An.7.6.32

    ; μισθόν ib.7.3.13;

    λόγον τῇ ἀληθεῖ δόξῃ Pl.Tht. 207c

    ;

    δωρειάς D.19.147

    ;

    παιδείαν Id.61.42

    ; παιδεύματα [S.] Fr.1120.4;

    ἃ μὴ μεμάθηκας προσλάμβανε ταῖς ἐπιστήμαις Isoc.1.18

    ; in tmesi,

    τοῦτο πρὸς ζητεῖς λαβεῖν Men.Epit. 132

    ;

    καιρούς Pl.Phdr. 272a

    : abs., make gains, D.2.7; make progress, Lib. Or.54.16:—[voice] Pass., τὸ προσειλημμένον what has been gained, opp. τὸ ἀπολειπόμενον, Plu.2.77c.
    2 take in, add an area to a building site, PCair.Zen.193.6 (iii B.C.):—Math., τὸ ποτιλαμβανόμενον or

    ποτιλᾱφθὲν χωρίον Archim.Spir.Praef.

    ; προσλαβών, plus, opp. λιπών, minus, Apollon.Perg.Con.3.12.
    b προσλαβών, multiplied by.., Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.8.2:—[voice] Pass., κοινοῦ -ληφθέντος λόγου if the ratio be multiplied into both, Papp.164.22.
    c in Music, ὁ προσλαμβανόμενος [τόνος] the added note at the bottom of the scale, Ph.1.111, Plu.2.1028f, etc.
    3 c. acc. pers., take to oneself as one's helper or partner,

    κῆδος καινὸν καὶ ξυνασπιστὰς φίλους S.OC 378

    , cf. A. Pr. 219, E.Med. 885, Hipp. 1011;

    ἱππέας καὶ πελταστάς X.Cyr.1.4.16

    ;

    πόλεις τὰς μὲν βίᾳ τὰς δ' ἑκούσας Id.HG4.1.1

    ;

    τινὰς τῶν πολιτῶν D. 15.14

    ;

    τὸν δῆμον Arist.Pol. 1312b17

    ; π. ἀδελφοὺς τοῖς παισί, by a second marriage, X.Lac.1.9: with a second acc., π. τινὰ σύμμαχον Id.An.7.6.27, cf. Lys.26.16:—[voice] Med.,

    πόλεις προσλαβέσθαι Plb.1.37.5

    ;

    μισθοφόρους Plu.Pel.27

    ; π. τινὰ συνεργόν, κοινωνόν, PFay.12.10 (ii B.C.), PAmh.100.4 (ii/iii A.D.); of admitting into the army,

    π. τὸν.. μου ἀδελφὸν.. εἰς τὴν Δεξειλάου σημέαν UPZ14.21

     (ii B.C.); προσλαβέσθαι γνώμην τινός get his vote besides, Plb.3.70.2:—[voice] Pass.,

    - ληφθέντες εἰς τὴν κατοικίαν

     admitted, enrolled,

    PTeb.61

     (a).2, cf.31,al. (ii B.C.).
    b [voice] Med., appropriate neighbouring land,

    π. τῇ ἑαυτοῦ οἰκίᾳ ψιλοὺς τόπους Sammelb.5954.5

     (i A.D.), cf. BGU1060.17 (i B.C.).
    4 in Logic, add by apposition,

    ὅρους Arist.APo. 78a14

    , cf. Id.APr. 58b27 ([voice] Pass.); assume as minor premiss, Stoic.2.85, Muson. Fr.1p.2H., Procl.in Prm.p.855S.; cf. πρόσληψις.
    5 borrow,

    τι κερμάτιον Men.Her.32

    ;

    ἡ σελήνη φέγγος ἴδιον οὐκ ἔχει, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου προσλαμβάνει Eudox. Ars 11.15

    .
    II take hold of,

    με π. κουφίσας S.Tr. 1025

     (lyr.); π. τὸν ἀγωγέα βραχύτερον shorten the rein, Stratt.52:—[voice] Med., take hold of, c. gen., Ar.Ach. 1215 sq., Lys. 202;

    μικρᾶς ῥοπῆς ἔξωθεν δεῖται προσλαβέσθαι Pl.R. 556e

    .
    2 fasten, Hp. Art.78, Arist.PA 670a14; καταδεῖν καὶ π. v.l. in Thphr.HP6.2.2:—[voice] Pass., δεσμοῖς π. Arist.PA 654b27, cf. HA 497a22; to be enveloped, Ruf.Anat.32.
    3 lend a hand, help, X.An.2.3.11 and 12;

    π. τινί

     help, assist,

    IG12.374.54

    , cf. Ar. Pax 9 ([voice] Med.); τῆς ἀποκρίσεως ὑμῖν.. π. help you to find an answer, Pl.Lg. 897d; οἱ ποταμοὶ π. τῇ θαλάττῃ co-operate with.., Str.2.5.17, cf. 11.4.2, 13.1.1:—[voice] Med., προσελάβετο τοῦ πάθεος he was partly the author of what befell, cj. for - εβάλετο in Hdt.8.90:— [voice] Pass., π. ὑπό τινος to be aided by.., Vett.Val.58.16.
    III προσείληφασιν have learnt, believe, ὅτι.. f.l. for προσυπ- in Dsc.2.141.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσλαμβάνω

  • 4 προσαπολαμβάνω

    A catch, take up as well, Hp.Art.11.
    II receive besides, dub. in Jul.Or.7.228b.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσαπολαμβάνω

  • 5 προσεπιλαμβάνω

    2 take or require still more, Thphr.HP8.2.7: c. gen., Porph.Abst.2.27; take in, occupy besides, Plb.10.10.5, Gem. 18.3; receive in addition,

    τὴν ἐποπτείαν Plu.Demetr.26

    ;

    παλάθην ἰσχάδων Luc.Pisc.41

    ; τοῦ δημοσίου a piece of public land, Plu.Publ. 20: abs., encroach, Thphr.Ign.50.
    3 extend, increase,

    τῷ πλήθει τὴν ἐξουσίαν Arist.Ath.41.2

    .
    II [voice] Med., lay hold besides, [

    τινὸς] κατὰ τὸ γόνυ Hp.Fract.13

    : metaph., help in a thing besides,

    προσεπιλαβέσθαι τοῦ πολέμου Hdt.5.44

    ; τοῦ ἔργου take part in it, D.C.75.6: abs., attack besides, Pl.Ti. 65d.
    2 touch on besides, Paus.3.6.9.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προσεπιλαμβάνω

  • 6 transporte aéreo

    m.
    1 airfreight, air transport, air transportation.
    2 air carrier.
    * * *
    (n.) = air freight [airfreight], air transport, air transportation, air cargo
    Ex. This way periodicals arrive quickly by air freight and can be bought at USA prices, cheaper than those in Europe.
    Ex. Besides the main unit for this development which covers technology there are special units dealing with fermentation and biotechnology; hospital organisation and building theory; air transport; and fruit cultivation.
    Ex. The grant is to cover the cost of travel (economy class air transportation) to and from the host country of the conference, registration, hotel costs and a per diem allowance.
    Ex. Thus you can rest assured your goods by air cargo, bulk ocean freight or containerized shipment will receive the very best care at all times.
    * * *
    (n.) = air freight [airfreight], air transport, air transportation, air cargo

    Ex: This way periodicals arrive quickly by air freight and can be bought at USA prices, cheaper than those in Europe.

    Ex: Besides the main unit for this development which covers technology there are special units dealing with fermentation and biotechnology; hospital organisation and building theory; air transport; and fruit cultivation.
    Ex: The grant is to cover the cost of travel (economy class air transportation) to and from the host country of the conference, registration, hotel costs and a per diem allowance.
    Ex: Thus you can rest assured your goods by air cargo, bulk ocean freight or containerized shipment will receive the very best care at all times.

    Spanish-English dictionary > transporte aéreo

  • 7 autorizar

    v.
    1 to allow (dar permiso a).
    autorizar la publicación de un informe to authorize the publication of a report
    autoricé a mi hermano para que recogiera el paquete I authorized my brother to collect the package
    2 to authorize, to allow, to permit, to warrant.
    Ricardo autoriza a Pedro Richard authorizes Peter.
    La maestra autorizó las boinas The teacher authorized berets.
    3 to give authorization to, to give one's authorization to.
    El juez autorizó sacar a Ricardo The judge gave authorization to get Richard out
    4 to empower, to grant legal power to, to accredit, to authorize.
    El juez autoriza a Pedro The judge empowers Peter.
    * * *
    1 to authorize
    2 DERECHO to legalize
    3 (aprobar) to approve of, give authority to
    * * *
    verb
    1) to authorize, sanction
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=dar facultad a) to authorize, empower; (=permitir) to approve, license

    autorizar a algn para — + infin to authorize sb to + infin, empower sb to + infin

    2) (Jur) to legalize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <manifestación/documento/firma> to authorize; <aumento/pago/obra> to authorize, approve

    la película está autorizada para todos los públicos/para mayores de 18 años — the film has been authorized for general release/has been rated 18 and over

    b) < persona>

    autorizar a alguien a or para + inf — to authorize somebody to + inf

    eso no te autoriza a or para hablarme de ese modo — that doesn't give you the right to talk to me like that

    * * *
    = authorise [authorize, -USA], empower, give + licence, license [licence, -USA], sanction, clear.
    Ex. At the same time, it obtains information about which functions you are authorized to use.
    Ex. At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of OCLC the staff was empowered to initiate scheduling the development of an interface between the OCLC network and these other nonmonographic data bases.
    Ex. Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex. SilverPlatter Information System is a servicemark of SilverPlatter International licensed to SilverPlatter Information, Inc.
    Ex. Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.
    Ex. 'Besides,' she appended, 'his is a staff position, and he'd only have to clear everything with 'Tilly the Hun' anyway'.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <manifestación/documento/firma> to authorize; <aumento/pago/obra> to authorize, approve

    la película está autorizada para todos los públicos/para mayores de 18 años — the film has been authorized for general release/has been rated 18 and over

    b) < persona>

    autorizar a alguien a or para + inf — to authorize somebody to + inf

    eso no te autoriza a or para hablarme de ese modo — that doesn't give you the right to talk to me like that

    * * *
    = authorise [authorize, -USA], empower, give + licence, license [licence, -USA], sanction, clear.

    Ex: At the same time, it obtains information about which functions you are authorized to use.

    Ex: At the last meeting of the Board of Trustees of OCLC the staff was empowered to initiate scheduling the development of an interface between the OCLC network and these other nonmonographic data bases.
    Ex: Through the employment of such implicitly derogatory terminology librarians virtually give themselves licence to disregard or downgrade the value of certain materials.
    Ex: SilverPlatter Information System is a servicemark of SilverPlatter International licensed to SilverPlatter Information, Inc.
    Ex: Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.
    Ex: 'Besides,' she appended, 'his is a staff position, and he'd only have to clear everything with 'Tilly the Hun' anyway'.

    * * *
    autorizar [A4 ]
    vt
    1 ‹acto/manifestación› to authorize; ‹pago/obra/aumento› to authorize, approve
    la película está autorizada para todos los públicos the film has been authorized for general release o passed as suitable for all ages
    2 ‹documento/firma› to authorize
    3 ‹persona› autorizar a algn A or PARA + INF:
    eso no te autoriza a or para hablarme de ese modo that doesn't give you the right to talk to me like that
    el juez lo autorizó a asistir al funeral the judge granted him permission to attend the funeral
    había sido autorizado para negociar con los acreedores he had been given the authority to o he had been authorized to negotiate with the creditors
    * * *

     

    autorizar ( conjugate autorizar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹manifestación/documento/firma› to authorize;

    ‹aumento/pago/obra› to authorize, approve
    b) ‹ persona›:

    ◊ ¿quién te autorizó? who gave you permission?;

    lo autoricé para recibir el pago I authorized him to receive the payment;
    me autorizó para salir he gave me permission to go out;
    eso no te autoriza a or para hablarme así that doesn't give you the right to talk to me like that
    autorizar verbo transitivo to authorize
    ' autorizar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acreditar
    - aprobar
    - dejar
    - homologar
    - permitir
    English:
    authorize
    - entitle
    - license
    - rubber stamp
    - clear
    * * *
    1. [pago, crédito, manifestación] to authorize;
    autorizaron la publicación del informe they authorized o sanctioned the publication of the report;
    autoricé a mi hermano para que recogiera el paquete I authorized my brother to collect the package;
    nos autorizó para controlar el presupuesto she authorized us to monitor the budget
    2. [documento] to authorize;
    autorizó el documento con su firma she authorized the document with her signature
    3. [dar derecho a]
    su cargo no lo autoriza para insultarme his position doesn't give him the right to insult me;
    este título nos autoriza para ejercer en Europa this qualification allows us to practise in Europe
    * * *
    v/t authorize
    * * *
    autorizar {21} vt
    : to authorize, to approve
    * * *
    1. (acción) to authorize
    2. (dar derecho) to give the right [pt. gave; pp. given]

    Spanish-English dictionary > autorizar

  • 8 ad-sūmō (ass-)

        ad-sūmō (ass-) sūmpsī, sūmptus, ere,    to take to oneself, receive: socios, L.: dignos, H.: umeris alas, O.: eos in societatem, L.: sacra Cereris de Graeciā: socius adsumitur Scaurus, S.: voluptas adsumenda est: equus pugnae adsumit amorem, gathers, O.: laudem sibi: Adsumptum patrem fateri, i. e. falsely claimed, O.—To take besides, obtain in addition: pennas, O.: Butram tibi, invite besides, H.: ventis alimenta, to gather for, O.: ne qui (socii) postea adsumerentur, L.—Fig., to take in addition, add to: dicendi copiam: robora, grow in strength, O.—In logic, to state the minor premise. —In gramm.: Adsumpta verba, epithets.

    Latin-English dictionary > ad-sūmō (ass-)

  • 9 AF

    of
    * * *
    prep. w. dat.
    I. Of place:
    1) off, from;
    G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;
    ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;
    Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;
    Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;
    hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;
    Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;
    tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;
    bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;
    hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;
    vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;
    muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;
    rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;
    vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;
    lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;
    vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;
    2) out of;
    verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;
    gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;
    Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.
    Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.
    II. Of time; past, beyond:
    af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;
    ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;
    þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;
    var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.
    III. In various other relations:
    1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;
    hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;
    vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;
    féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;
    þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;
    þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;
    ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;
    2) off, of;
    höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;
    vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;
    þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;
    absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;
    fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;
    3) of, among;
    hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;
    4) with;
    hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;
    fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;
    5) of (= ór which is more frequent);
    húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;
    6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;
    hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;
    7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;
    ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;
    kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;
    8) by, of (after passive);
    ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;
    ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;
    9) on account of, by reason of, by;
    úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;
    ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;
    af ástæld hans, by his popularity;
    af því, therefore;
    af hví, wherefor why;
    af því at, because;
    10) by means of, by;
    framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;
    af sínu fé, by one’s own means;
    absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;
    11) with adjectives, in regard to;
    mildr af fé, liberal of money;
    góðr af griðum, merciful;
    12) used absol. with a verb, off away;
    hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;
    ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;
    sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.
    * * *
    prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.
    A. Loc.
    I. With motion, off, from:
    1. prop. corresp. to á,
    α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.
    β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.
    γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.
    δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.
    ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.
    ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).
    2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).
    II. WITHOUT MOTION:
    1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.
    2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.
    β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.
    γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.
    3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.
    β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.
    4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.
    B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:
    1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.
    2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.
    3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.
    C. In various other relations:
    I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.
    1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.
    2. where an object is taken by force:
    α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.
    β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.
    γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.
    3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.
    β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.
    II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.
    β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.
    γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.
    2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.
    β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.
    γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.
    δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.
    3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.
    III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.
    2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.
    IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:
    1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.
    β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.
    2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.
    β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.
    V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:
    1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.
    2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.
    VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:
    1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.
    β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.
    2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.
    β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.
    3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.
    4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.
    5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.
    VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:
    1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.
    β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.
    2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.
    VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.
    IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.
    β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;
    γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.
    δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.
    X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.
    2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.
    XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).
    D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:
    I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.
    II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AF

  • 10 К-26

    КАКОЙ ТАМ (ТУТ)...! со// AdjP modif fixed WO
    used to express disagreement with some statement or to correct one's own words (the part of the statement that is objected to or corrected is repeated)
    what do you mean,...?
    (but) what am I (are you) saying (talking about)...? (in limited contexts) how can you call it (him etc)...? don't call it (him etc)... some NP
    ! «Кто же у нас будет платить такие бешеные деньги? Васю-кинцы...» - «Какие там васюкинцы! Васюкинцы денег платить не будут. Они будут их по-лу-чать!» (Ильф и Петров 1). "And who do you think is going to pay that kind of money? The people of Vasyuki?" "What do you mean, the people of Vasyuki? The people of Vasyuki are not going to pay money, they're going to receive it" (1a).
    (Колесов:) Как свадьба? Где муж? (Маша:) Где, в том-то и дело!.. Сбежала я от него, Коля, прямо со свадьбы. (Колесов:) Как - со свадьбы? Почему? (Маша:) Да не свадьба была! Какая там свадьба. Неохота рассказывать (Вампилов 3). (К.:) How was the wedding? Where's your husband? (M.:) Where, that's just the point!...I ran away from him, Kolya, right at the wedding. (K.:) What do you mean, at the wedding? Why? (M.:) It wasn't a wedding! Don't call it a wedding. I don't feel like talking about it (3b).
    В вуз он и не пытался пойти, какой там вуз с его знаниями, кроме того - возраст (Залыгин 1). ( context transl) Не didn't even try for university-how could he with his knowledge? Besides, there was his age (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-26

  • 11 какой там ...!

    • КАКОЙ ТАМ < ТУТ>...! coll
    [AdjP; modif; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ used to express disagreement with some statement or to correct one's own words (the part of the statement that is objected to or corrected is repeated):
    - what do you mean,...?;
    - (but) what am I (are you) saying (talking about)...?;
    - [in limited contexts] how can you call it (him etc)...?;
    - don't call it (him etc)...;
    - some [NP]!
         ♦ "Кто же у нас будет платить такие бешеные деньги? Васюкинцы..." - "Какие там васюкинцы! Васюкинцы денег платить не будут. Они будут их по-лу-чать!" (Ильф и Петров 1). "And who do you think is going to pay that kind of money? The people of Vasyuki?" "What do you mean, the people of Vasyuki? The people of Vasyuki are not going to pay money, they're going to receive it" (1a).
         ♦ [Колесов:] Как свадьба? Где муж? [Маша:] Где, в том-то и дело!.. Сбежала я от него, Коля, прямо со свадьбы. [Колесов:] Как - со свадьбы? Почему? [Маша:] Да не свадьба была! Какая там свадьба. Неохота рассказывать (Вампилов 3). [К.:] How was the wedding? Where's your husband? [M.:] Where, that's just the point!...I ran away from him, Kolya, right at the wedding. [K.:] What do you mean, at the wedding? Why? [M.:] It wasn't a wedding! Don't call it a wedding. I don't feel like talking about it (3b).
         ♦ В вуз он и не пытался пойти, какой там вуз с его знаниями, кроме того - возраст (Залыгин 1). [context transl] He didn't even try for university-how could he with his knowledge? Besides, there was his age (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > какой там ...!

  • 12 какой там...!

    • КАКОЙ ТАМ < ТУТ>...! coll
    [AdjP; modif; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ used to express disagreement with some statement or to correct one's own words (the part of the statement that is objected to or corrected is repeated):
    - what do you mean,...?;
    - (but) what am I (are you) saying (talking about)...?;
    - [in limited contexts] how can you call it (him etc)...?;
    - don't call it (him etc)...;
    - some [NP]!
         ♦ "Кто же у нас будет платить такие бешеные деньги? Васюкинцы..." - "Какие там васюкинцы! Васюкинцы денег платить не будут. Они будут их по-лу-чать!" (Ильф и Петров 1). "And who do you think is going to pay that kind of money? The people of Vasyuki?" "What do you mean, the people of Vasyuki? The people of Vasyuki are not going to pay money, they're going to receive it" (1a).
         ♦ [Колесов:] Как свадьба? Где муж? [Маша:] Где, в том-то и дело!.. Сбежала я от него, Коля, прямо со свадьбы. [Колесов:] Как - со свадьбы? Почему? [Маша:] Да не свадьба была! Какая там свадьба. Неохота рассказывать (Вампилов 3). [К.:] How was the wedding? Where's your husband? [M.:] Where, that's just the point!...I ran away from him, Kolya, right at the wedding. [K.:] What do you mean, at the wedding? Why? [M.:] It wasn't a wedding! Don't call it a wedding. I don't feel like talking about it (3b).
         ♦ В вуз он и не пытался пойти, какой там вуз с его знаниями, кроме того - возраст (Залыгин 1). [context transl] He didn't even try for university-how could he with his knowledge? Besides, there was his age (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > какой там...!

  • 13 какой тут...!

    • КАКОЙ ТАМ < ТУТ>...! coll
    [AdjP; modif; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ used to express disagreement with some statement or to correct one's own words (the part of the statement that is objected to or corrected is repeated):
    - what do you mean,...?;
    - (but) what am I (are you) saying (talking about)...?;
    - [in limited contexts] how can you call it (him etc)...?;
    - don't call it (him etc)...;
    - some [NP]!
         ♦ "Кто же у нас будет платить такие бешеные деньги? Васюкинцы..." - "Какие там васюкинцы! Васюкинцы денег платить не будут. Они будут их по-лу-чать!" (Ильф и Петров 1). "And who do you think is going to pay that kind of money? The people of Vasyuki?" "What do you mean, the people of Vasyuki? The people of Vasyuki are not going to pay money, they're going to receive it" (1a).
         ♦ [Колесов:] Как свадьба? Где муж? [Маша:] Где, в том-то и дело!.. Сбежала я от него, Коля, прямо со свадьбы. [Колесов:] Как - со свадьбы? Почему? [Маша:] Да не свадьба была! Какая там свадьба. Неохота рассказывать (Вампилов 3). [К.:] How was the wedding? Where's your husband? [M.:] Where, that's just the point!...I ran away from him, Kolya, right at the wedding. [K.:] What do you mean, at the wedding? Why? [M.:] It wasn't a wedding! Don't call it a wedding. I don't feel like talking about it (3b).
         ♦ В вуз он и не пытался пойти, какой там вуз с его знаниями, кроме того - возраст (Залыгин 1). [context transl] He didn't even try for university-how could he with his knowledge? Besides, there was his age (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > какой тут...!

  • 14 συλλαμβάνω

    συλλαμβάνω, [tense] fut. - λήψομαι: [tense] pf. - είληφα, [voice] Pass. - είλημμαι: [tense] aor. συνέλᾰβον, inf. συλλᾰβεῖν:—[voice] Med., [tense] pres. in Philem.53.4: [tense] aor.
    A

    συνελαβόμην Hdt.3.49

    , etc.:—[voice] Pass. (v. infr.; in X.An.7.2.14 συλληφθήσεται has been restored for συλλήψεται):—collect, gather together, esp. rally scattered troops,

    τῆς στρατιῆς τοὺς περιγενομένους Hdt.5.46

    ;

    τὸ στράτευμα X.Cyr.3.3.1

    ;

    τὰς δυνάμεις Pl.Grg. 456a

    ;

    σ. θοινάτορας E. Ion 1217

    .
    3 put together, close, τὸ στόμα καὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (of a corpse) Pl.Phd. 118a; ξ. αὐτοῦ τὸ στόμα shut his mouth, Ar.Ach. 926, cf. Arist.HA 623b2; enclose,

    τῇ ἐπιδέσει συλλαμβάνοντα συνάγειν τοὺς μηρούς Sor.2.86

    ;

    ξ. καὶ τοὺς τένοντας τοῖσι ἐρίοισι Aret.CA1.6

    .
    4 in speaking, comprehend, comprise,

    ἑνὶ ἔπεϊ πάντα συλλαβόντα εἰπεῖν Hdt.3.82

    ;

    πᾶν.. συλλαβὼν εἴρηκας Id.7.16

    .γ; εἰς ἓν πάντα ς. Pl.Sph. 234b, cf. Tht. 147d;

    τὰ ἄλλα εἰς ταὐτό Id.Plt. 263d

    :—[voice] Pass., to be comprehended (logically),

    μετὰ τοῦ γένους αἱ συλλαμβανόμεναι διαφοραί Arist.Metaph. 1037b31

    , cf. 998b28; σὺν τῇ ὕλῃ συνειλημμένος, i.e. concrete, opp. abstract, ib. 1039b21, cf. 1035a25, al.
    II lay hands on, seize,

    ὁλκάδας Hdt.6.26

    ;

    κόμην ἀπρὶξ ὄνυξι συλλαβὼν χερί S.Aj. 310

    ;

    τέττιγα τοῦ πτεροῦ Archil. 143

     (loosely paraphrased, cf. Hermes 23.279);

    τὰ ποτήμενα συλλαβῆν Theoc.29.30

    ; ξ. τῶν σχοινίων lay hold of them, help to pull, Ar. Pax 437:—[voice] Med., τίς ξυλλάβοιτ' ἂν τοῦ ξύλου; Id.Lys. 313, cf. Pax 465 (lyr.).
    2 seize the person of.., apprehend, arrest, IG12.39.7, Hdt.2.121.έ, Ar.Ach. 206, Antipho 5.29, And.1.45, PCair.Zen. 15v.44, 202.2 (iii B.C.); συνέλαβον αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπήχθη εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον ib.484.21 (iii B.C.); σ. ζῶντα, ὅμηρον, E.Rh. 513, Or. 1189;

    τινὰ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ Isoc.4.154

    ; συλλαβόντας αὐτὸν ἴσχειν seize and hold him, IG42(1).122.40 (Epid., iv B.C.):— [voice] Pass., πρὶν ξυλληφθῆναι before they were arrested, Th.1.20, cf. Hdt. 1.80, al., And.1.101, PCair.Zen. 15v.7 (iii B.C.).
    3 of the mind, grasp the meaning of, comprehend, τὸ χρηστήριον, τὸ ῥηθέν, τὸν λόγον, τὴν φωνήν, Hdt.1.63,91, 2.49, 4.114;

    παρκείμενον συλλαβὼν τέρας Pi.O.13.73

    , cf. Pl.Sph. 218c, etc.
    III receive at the same time, enjoy together, Hdt.1.32.
    IV of females, conceive, Arist.HA 582a19, GA 727b8, Sor.1.28, etc.;

    ἐν γαστρί Hp.Aph.5.46

    ;

    ξυλλαβοῦσα τὴν γονήν Id.Steril.220

    ; of the womb,

    σ. τὸ σπέρμα Arist.HA 583b29

    , al., cf. Luc.VH1.22: but συνειληφυῖα τοῦ τεκεῖν near to be delivered, LXX 1 Ki.4.19.
    V take with or besides, take as an assistant, τὴν δίκην ς. E.Fr. 584;

    ἄτεγκτον σ. καρδίαν Id.HF 833

    .
    VI c. dat. pers., take pert with another, assist him, οὐ τοῖς ἀθύμοις ἡ τύχη ξ. S.Fr. 927, cf. E.Med. 813, Hdt.6.125, etc.; τὰ δυνατὰ τῇ πόλει ξ. Ar.Ec. 861; σ. τισί τι take part with or assist them in a thing, Id.Lys. 540 (lyr.), X.Cyr.7.5.49, etc.;

    σ. τινί τινος E.Med. 946

    , Ar.V. 734 (lyr.);

    σ. τινί τινι D.18.20

    : with a Prep., συνέλαβε γὰρ ἄλλα.. ἐς τὸ πείθεσθαι contributed towards persuading, Hdt.7.6, cf. X.Mem.2.6.28: abs., assist, A.Ch. 812 (lyr.), S.Tr. 1019 (lyr.), Ar.Eq. 229, Th.1.118; δεῖ δὲ ξυλλαμβάνοντα τοὺς θεοὺς ἐπικαλέεσθαι while invoking the gods one must help oneself, Hp.Insomn.87.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > συλλαμβάνω

  • 15 ἐπιλαμβάνω

    A take or get besides,

    ἐπὶ τοῖς πεντήκοντα ταλάντοις ἑκατόν Arist.Pol. 1259a28

    : c. gen. partit., ἐ. τοῦ χρόνου take a little more time, M.Ant.1.17;

    τῆς ἀρχῆς Paus.9.14.5

    .
    2. simply, take, receive, PEleph.10.1 (iii B.C.), OGI179.18 (Egypt, i B.C.), etc.
    II. lay hold of, seize, attack, as a disease, Hdt.8.115, Hp.Aph.6.51, Th.2.51; of an enemy, Luc.Nav.36:—[voice] Pass.,

    ἐπείληπται νόσῳ S.Ant. 732

    ; τὴν αἴσθησιν ἐπιληφθείς becoming unconscious, Plu.Flam.6; ἐπελήφθη had an epileptic fit, Gal.11.859.
    b. of events, overtake, surprise, μὴ..

    χειμὼν τὴν φυλακὴν ἐπιλάβοι Th.4.27

    ; νυκτὸς ἐπιλαβούσης τὸ ἔργον ib. 96;

    ταχὺ ἐπιλαβὸν γῆρας Pl.Epin. 974a

    : impers., ἐπιλαμβάνει, c. acc. et inf., it befalls one that.., Paus.6.22.4, 7.21.1.
    2. attain to, come within reach of, reach, X.An.6.5.6; ἔτη ὀκτὼ ἐ. πολέμου live over eight years, Th.4.133;

    ἡμέρας ἑπτακαίδεκα τῆς ἑβδόμης ὑπατείας Plu.Mar. 46

    : c. gen. partit., ἐ. τετάρτου μηνός arrive at, of the foetus, Arist.HA 583b22 (but ἐ. τοῦ ἑνδεκάτου μηνός, of the mother, ib. 584a37); ὥστε καὶ τοῦ χειμῶνος ἐ. Thphr.HP1.9.6.
    3. seize, stop, esp. by pressure,

    τὴν ῥῖνα Ar.Pl. 703

    ;

    ἐ. τὸ κλύσμα τῆς ὀπίσω ὁδοῦ Hdt.2.87

    ; ἐ. τὸ ὕδωρ stop the water-clock in court, Lys.23.4, Is.3.76;

    τὸν αὐλίσκον Arist.Ath.67.3

    , cf. Pr. 866b13, Plb.10.44.12;

    τὸ στόμα τοῖς ἐπικαλύμμασιν Arist.HA 527b21

    .
    4. occupy space, μηδὲν τῶν τῆς πόλεως.. οἰκοδομήμασι ἐ. Pl.Lg. 779c ([voice] Med.);

    πλείω τόπον Arist. Cael. 305b19

    ;

    πλατύτερον τόπον Plu.Cat.Ma.5

    : metaph., πολὺν χῶρον ἐ. get over much ground, traverse it rapidly, Theoc.13.65.
    5. c. gen., undertake, τῆς κινήσεως, τῆς νήξεως, Ael.NA5.18, 13.19.
    6. c. dat., assist, App.BC4.96 (nisi leg. < συν>επιλ.).
    7. intr., succeed, follow, Arist.Pr. 860a7.
    8. of food or drink, take extra,

    οἰνάριον Plu.Cat.Ma.1

    ; take after other food, Dsc.2.112.
    III. [voice] Med. (with [tense] pf.

    ἐπείλημμαι Pl.Cra. 396d

    , D.3.27), hold oneself on by, lay hold of, c. gen.,

    τῶν νεῶν Hdt.6.113

    , Th.4.14, etc.;

    τῶν ἀφλάστων νεός Hdt. 6.114

    ; τῶν ἐπισπαστήρων ib.91;

    τῆς ἴτυος X.An.4.7.12

    ;

    τῶν ἁμαξῶν Plu.Oth.3

    ; ὅτου ἐπιλάβοιτο τὰ δρέπανα whomsoever the scythes caught, X.Cyr.7.1.31;

    ἐπιλαμβάνεταί μου τῆς χειρὸς τῇ δεξιᾷ Pl. Prt. 335c

    ;

    ἐπιλαβόμενός [τινος] τῇ χειρί D. 21.60

    ; τῶν τριχῶν by the hair, Aeschin.3.150; μὴ 'πιλαμβάνου hold me not! E.Ph. 896.
    2. attack.

    τινός X.HG4.2.22

    ; esp. with words, Pl.Phdr. 236b; of things, τῆς θερμασίας πόρων -ομένης Epieur.Ep.2p.52U.; of diseases, Luc.Nigr.29.
    3. make a seizure of, arrest,

    τῶν παίδων D.33.9

    ; seize goods in default of payment, Id.21.133.
    b. lay hands on in assertion of a claim, Pl.Lg. 954c, POxy.1707.15 (iii A.D.), etc.
    4. lay hold of, get, obtain, προστάτεω a chief, Hdt.1.127;

    προφάσιος ἔς τινα Id.3.36

    , cf. 6.49;

    δυνάμιος Id.9.09

    ;

    καιροῦ Ar.Lys. 596

    ; ἐξουσίας, γαλήνης, Pl.R. 360d, Plt. 273a, cf. PTeb.48.20 (ii B.C.), etc.; ἐ. λογισμῷ, Lat. ratione assequi, Pl.Phd. 79a.
    5. of Place, reach,

    δασέος Arist.HA 629b15

    ;

    τῶν ὀρῶν Plu.Ant.41

    : metaph., of a state or condition, ἐρημίας ἐπειλημμένοι having found an empty field, i.e. an absence of all competitors, D.3.27, cf. Arist.Pol. 1305b16.
    b. c. inf., undertake,

    γεωργεῖν IG7.2446

     ([place name] Thebes).
    8. take up, interrupt in speaking, Id.Grg. 506b, Smp. 214e; object to,

    τοῦ ψηφίσματος X.HG2.1.32

    ; ἐ. ὅτι.. object that.., Pl.R. 490c.
    9. rarely c. acc., seize, τὰς Ἀθήνας (leg. λήψονται) Lycurg.84.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπιλαμβάνω

  • 16 Newcomen, Thomas

    [br]
    b. January or February 1663 Dartmouth, Devon, England
    d. 5 August 1729 London, England
    [br]
    English inventor and builder of the world's first successful stationary steam-engine.
    [br]
    Newcomen was probably born at a house on the quay at Dartmouth, Devon, England, the son of Elias Newcomen and Sarah Trenhale. Nothing is known of his education, and there is only dubious evidence of his apprenticeship to an ironmonger in Exeter. He returned to Dartmouth and established himself there as an "ironmonger". The term "ironmonger" at that time meant more than a dealer in ironmongery: a skilled craftsman working in iron, nearer to today's "blacksmith". In this venture he had a partner, John Calley or Caley, who was a plumber and glazier. Besides running his business in Dartmouth, it is evident that Newcomen spent a good deal of time travelling round the mines of Devon and Cornwall in search of business.
    Eighteenth-century writers and others found it impossible to believe that a provincial ironmonger could have invented the steam-engine, the concept of which had occupied the best scientific brains in Europe, and postulated a connection between Newcomen and Savery or Papin, but scholars in recent years have failed to find any evidence of this. Certainly Savery was in Dartmouth at the same time as Newcomen but there is nothing to indicate that they met, although it is possible. The most recent biographer of Thomas Newcomen is of the opinion that he was aware of Savery and his work, that the two men had met by 1705 and that, although Newcomen could have taken out his own patent, he could not have operated his own engines without infringing Savery's patent. In the event, they came to an agreement by which Newcomen was enabled to sell his engines under Savery's patent.
    The first recorded Newcomen engine is dated 1712, although this may have been preceded by a good number of test engines built at Dartmouth, possibly following a number of models. Over one hundred engines were built to Newcomen's design during his lifetime, with the first engine being installed at the Griff Colliery near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire.
    On the death of Thomas Savery, on 15 May 1715, a new company, the Proprietors of the Engine Patent, was formed to carry on the business. The Company was represented by Edward Elliot, "who attended the Sword Blade Coffee House in Birchin Lane, London, between 3 and 5 o'clock to receive enquiries and to act as a contact for the committee". Newcomen was, of course, a member of the Proprietors.
    A staunch Baptist, Newcomen married Hannah Waymouth, who bore him two sons and a daughter. He died, it is said of a fever, in London on 5 August 1729 and was buried at Bunhill Fields.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt and J.S.Allen, 1977, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, Hartington: Moorland Publishing Company (the definitive account of his life and work).
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Newcomen, Thomas

  • 17 προσλαμβάνω

    προσλαμβάνω 2 aor. προσέλαβον; pf. προσείληφα. Mid.: fut. 3 sg. προσλήψεται (Just., D. 140, 1); 2 aor. προσελαβόμην (Aeschyl., Hdt.+. Prim.: ‘take besides, take in addition’)
    ① to take someth. that meets a personal need, take, partake of food, act. (X., Mem. 3, 14, 4 ἄρτον) w. partitive gen. Ac 27:34 v.l.—Mid. take (in), of food μηθέν Ac 27:33. W. partitive gen. τροφῆς vs. 36 (s. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 21).
    ② to promote one’s own ends, exploit, take advantage of, act. (Demosth. 2, 7 τὴν ἄνοιαν) τὴν νεωτερικὴν τάξιν the youthful appearance (of a bishop) IMg 3:1.
    ③ to take or lead off to oneself, take aside, mid. τινά someone Mt 16:22; Mk 8:32. So prob. also Ac 18:26: Priscilla and Aquila take Apollos aside to teach him undisturbed.
    ④ to extend a welcome, receive in(to) one’s home or circle of acquaintances, mid. τινά someone (2 Macc 10:15) of one Christian receiving another Ro 14:1; 15:7a. Of God or Christ accepting a believer (cp. Chariton 8, 2, 13 θεῶν προσλαμβανομένων) 14:3; 15:7b; 1 Cl 49:6 (cp. Ps 26:10; 64:5; 72:24).—Ac 28:2; Phlm 12 v.l.; 17 (PTebt 61a, 2 [II B.C.] πρ. εἰς τὴν κατοικίαν; BGU 1141, 37 [14 B.C.] προσελαβόμην αὐτὸν εἰς οἶκον παρʼ ἐμέ). S. πρόσλημψις.
    ⑤ to take or bring along with oneself, take along, mid.; w. oneself as companion or helper (PFay 12, 10 [103 B.C.] πρ. συνεργὸν Ἀμμώνιον; PAmh 100, 4; POxy 71 II, 9 προσελαβόμην ἐμαυτῇ εἰς βοήθειαν Σεκοῦνδον; 2 Macc 8:1; Jos., Ant. 18, 4, C. Ap. 1, 241) ἄνδρας τινὰς πονηρούς Ac 17:5.—M-M. TW. Spicq.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > προσλαμβάνω

  • 18 ἐλπίζω

    ἐλπίζω Att. fut. ἐλπιῶ; 1 aor. ἤλπισα; pf. ἤλπικα (B-D-F §341) (s. ἐλπίς; Trag., Hdt.+)
    ① to look forward to someth., with implication of confidence about someth. coming to pass, hope, hope for (cp. Judg 20:36; PsSol 17:33. both in the sense ‘rely on, trust’)
    ⓐ abs. hope (for) (Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 138 τὸ ἐλπίζειν) 2 Cor 8:5; B 12:7; 2 Cl 11:5; pres. pass. ptc. ἐλπιζόμενα what we hope for (Polyaenus 3, 9, 11 τὰ ἐλπιζόμενα) Hb 11:1.
    ⓑ w. indication of what is hoped for: in acc. (Is 38:18; Wsd 2:22) πάντα 1 Cor 13:7. ὸ̔ γὰρ βλέπει τις ἐλπίζει Ro 8:24; cp. vs. 25. (W. εἰς: Sir 2:9 εἰς ἀγαθά; PsSol 15:1 εἰς βοήθειαν … τοῦ θεοῦ.) W. perf. inf. 2 Cor 5:11; B 17:1. W. ὅτι foll. (Polyb. 3, 63, 7; Arrian, Alex. An. 1, 4, 7; POxy 1672, 7 [c. 40 A.D.]; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 85) the deliverer of Israel Lk 24:21. W. acc. and pres. inf. (Just., D. 32, 2 ἐλπίζων τινὰ ἐξ ὑμῶν δύνασθαι εὑρεθήναι) Hm 12, 6, 4. W. the connotation of desire (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 1 §3 ἐ. περὶ ἁπάντων) ἤλπιζέν τι σημεῖον ἰδεῖν he was hoping to see a sign Lk 23:8. ἐλπίζει καταντῆσαι hopes to attain Ac 26:7.
    ⓒ w. indication of the pers. or thing on whom (which) hope is based put one’s confidence in someone or someth.: τινί in someth. (Thu. 3, 97, 2 τῇ τύχῃ) τῷ ὀνόματι Mt 12:21; εἴς τι (Is 51:5): εἰς τ. οἰκοδομήν put one’s hope (or, confidence) in the building (the temple) B 16:1. εἴς τινα in someone (Herodian 7, 10, 1; cp. Ps 118:114; Just., D., 8, 3 εἰς ἄνθρωπον): Moses J 5:45; PEg2 14. εἰς θεόν (Ps 144:15; PIand 11, 2; SibOr 5, 284; cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 99) 1 Pt 3:5. εἰς Χριστόν IPhld 11:2; cp. 5:2. εἴς τινα w. ὅτι foll. 2 Cor 1:10. For this, ἔν τινι (Ps 55:5 B; Judg 9:26 B; 4 Km 18:5; Did., Gen. 98, 5) Mt 12:21 v.l.; 1 Cor 15:19. For this, ἐπί τινα: ἐπὶ τ. θεόν (Ps 41:6, 12 al.; Philo; Just., D. 101, 1) 1 Ti 5:5; cp. D 4:10; 1 Cl 11:1; 12:7; B 6:3; 19:7; Hm 12, 5, 2 (Just. D. 102, 6 ἐπὶ θεόν). ἐπὶ κύριον 1 Cl 16:16 (Ps 21:9); 22:8 (Ps 31:10). ἐπὶ θεόν … ἐπὶ Χριστόν AcPl Ha 2, 29f. ἐπὶ Ἰησοῦν B 6:9; 8:5 (cp. Just., D. 47, 2 ἐπὶ τοῦτον τὸν Χριστόν). ἐπί τι (Ps 51:10; Synes., Ep. 58 p. 202d ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἤλπισε): ἐπὶ τὴν χάριν 1 Pt 1:13. ἐπὶ τὸ ὄνομα θεοῦ 1 Cl 59:3; B 16:8. ἐπὶ τὸν σταυρόν 11:8. For this, ἐπί τινι (pers.: Ps 7:2; 15:1; 21:5 al.; as v.l. TestJob 37:1 and 5; also ἐπί τινος 37:1; thing: Appian, Maced. 9 §7 ἐπὶ τῷδε=on this account; Ps 12:6; Is 26:8; 42:4) 1 Ti 4:10; 6:17; Ro 15:12 (Is 11:10); B 12:2f.
    ② to look forward to someth. in view of the measures one takes to ensure fulfillment, expect, w. aor. inf. foll. (Thu. 2, 80, 1; Agathias Hist. 3, 5 p. 243f D.; En 103:11; Philo, Migr. Abr. 195) παρʼ ὧν ἐλπίζετε λαβεῖν from whom you expect to receive again Lk 6:34; cp. 2 Cl 1:2. Ro 15:24; 1 Cor 16:7; Phil 2:19, 23; 1 Ti 3:14; 2J 12; 3J 14; IEph 1:2; IRo 1:1; B 1:3; Hs 8, 9, 4; 8, 11, 2. W. ὅτι foll. (cp. reff. in 1b) Ac 24:26; 2 Cor 1:13; 13:6; Phlm 22; Hs 8, 2, 9. (W. fut. inf. Just., D. 2, 6.) (Besides the mngs. ‘hope, expect’ as positive aspect, Gk. lit. also includes the corresp. neg. aspect ‘foresee, fear, anticipate’, e.g. punishment: Diod S 13, 43, 1 the Aegestaeans, anticipating punishment [ἤλπιζον … τιμωρίαν δώσειν] from the Sicilian Greeks, resolved to withdraw from disputed territory; contempt: Chion, Ep. 9; sorrow: Procop. Soph., Ep. 140; a misfortune: Lucian, Dial. Deor. 25, 1, Gall. 25, end).—DELG s.v. ἔλπομαι. M-M. TW. Spicq.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐλπίζω

  • 19 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

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